He started training at the age of 6 at the Conservatoire à Rayonnement Régional de danse in Perpignan and then went on to the Martine Limeul and Matt Mattox Dance School, where he studied classical ballet, jazz and tap dancing.

In 1997, he was awarded the First Prize at the France-Marseille International Dance Competition and received a scholarship for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Center in New York, where he completed his training by studying Graham and Horton techniques.

In 1998, he joined the Rudra Béjart School in Lausanne and danced Che, Quijotte y Bandoneón as a member of Groupe 13, founded by Maurice Béjart.

En 2001, he joined Stadttheater Bern Ballett, where he danced ballets by Félix Duméril, Jirí Kylián, Stijn Celis and Jo Stromgren, among others. There, he choreographed Entertaining Angels, in 2002, and Le Humane Passioni-Il Piacere in 2004, for the Young Choreographer Evenings. He then spent a season at Ballet Theater Augsburg, directed by Jochen Heckmann, and took part in a production with the Karine Saporta Company in Paris.

In September 2006, he joined the Ballet de l’Opéra national du Rhin where he notably performed in ballets by William Forsythe, Jirí Kylián, Emanuel Gat, Johan Inger, Jacopo Godani, Lucinda Childs and Garry Stewart.

As a part of Rêves, shows for the younger audiences of Ballet du Rhin, he choreographed Le Jardin du Prince in 2009, contributed to the choreography Danseurs et magiciens in 2010 and created Songe...d'une nuit d'été in 2011. In early 2012, he created Tea for Six (or Ten) for Ballet du Rhin and begins an artistic collaboration with the opera director Mariame Clément and sign the choreography of Der Rosenkavalier, Das Liebesverbot and Barkouf for Opéra National du Rhin , then Hänsel und Gretel for Opéra national de Paris, L'Étoile for Royal Opera House - London, Lulu for Opéra nacional de Chile, Die Verkaufte Braut for Semperoper Dresden and Aquile in Sciro at the Teatro Real in Madrid.

In 2013 he choreographed Peer Gynt for Ballet du Rhin and Añañucas for Ballet nacional Chileno.

Since 2013, Mathieu Guilhaumon is Artistic Director of Ballet Nacional Chileno

Choreography for Ballet Nacional Chileno includes L'Heure Bleue, Alicia, Tengo más de mil años de recuerdos, War Requiem, Dúo.Bosquejos de creación, Poesía del Otro, Giselle. Contrapunto y revisita, Quinteto & Sexteto, Hats Off! as well as Cuarteto, Dos veces Bach and Noces with Ballet de Santiago directed by Marcia Haydée.

In both 2018 and 2019, Mathieu's pieces Giselle and Hats Off! were awarded the prize of best works by the Circle of Art Critics of Chile.

In 2018 Mathieu was appointed Cultural Figure of the Year by the National Chilean newspaper El Mercurio.

In 2021, parallel to his chilean responsibilities, Mathieu is appointed artistic director of « Le Groupe International des 8 » in France and creates the « Festival des 8 », an annual dance festival where internationally renowned teaching artists, choreographers and performers share their discipline during one week.